There are 89 species in this family. They are found in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean. They range in size from 3-18 inches in length.

Most species of spiny rats have pointed noses, rounded ears, and medium to long tails. They get their name from the bristly or spiny fur on their backs. Some species live in trees, other burrow under the ground, and others live on the forest floor.

Most species are herbivores and eat seeds, fruit, nuts, leaves, and other plant parts. Some species may also eat insects.